`polar`

fn def polar(angle: List[Float64], radius: List[Float64], theme: Theme = Theme(WHITE, Color(UInt8(30), UInt8(100), UInt8(180), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(80), UInt8(80), UInt8(80), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(225), UInt8(225), UInt8(225), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(40), UInt8(40), UInt8(40), UInt8(255)), SIMD(12), SIMD(3.5), SIMD(2), Int(60), Int(20), Int(20), Int(50), True, False, False, Color(UInt8(240), UInt8(240), UInt8(240), UInt8(255)), Int(3), Color(UInt8(60), UInt8(110), UInt8(200), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(235), UInt8(235), UInt8(235), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(220), UInt8(90), UInt8(40), UInt8(255)), ColorRamp(), ColorPalette(), SIMD(3), SIMD(15), True, SIMD(1), Int(0), False, Color(UInt8(200), UInt8(60), UInt8(60), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(224), UInt8(224), UInt8(224), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(120), UInt8(120), UInt8(120), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(100), UInt8(100), UInt8(100), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(230), UInt8(230), UInt8(230), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(255), UInt8(255), UInt8(255), UInt8(255)), UInt8(90), UInt8(160), False, False, SIMD(0), SIMD(18), SIMD(14), Color(UInt8(110), UInt8(110), UInt8(110), UInt8(255)), SIMD(14), Color(UInt8(150), UInt8(150), UInt8(150), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(224), UInt8(236), UInt8(246), UInt8(200)), Color(UInt8(255), UInt8(255), UInt8(255), UInt8(255)), True, False, False, True, AxisPosition.EDGE, AxisPosition.EDGE, String("sans-serif"), True, UInt8(90), Int(5), Int(4), Int(130), Int(14), Int(8), Int(14), Int(100), Int(8), SIMD(4), OutputFormat.SVG, Tooltips.AUTO, Missing.DRAW, String("(missing)"), Int(1000), False, LineStyle.SOLID, SIMD(1.5), LineStyle.SOLID, LegendPosition.RIGHT, XAxisLabelRotation.AUTO, TickFormat.AUTO, TickFormat.AUTO), width: Int = Int(640), height: Int = Int(420), title: String = "", subtitle: String = "", x_title: String = "", y_title: String = "") -> Chart[Polar]

A polar-coordinate line plot: a line series where angle and radius place each point around a circle rather than on x/y axes, for cyclical data (compass headings, time of day, seasonal phase) where a circular layout is the natural fit. For several named series on one angular axis, call polar(angle, series_names, series_values) – the overload below – which is the same chart with a legend.

Mark.POLAR over angle (radians, used as given; values beyond 2*pi spiral outward rather than wrapping) and radius (linearly scaled from [0, max(radius)], zero-anchored at the center; every value must be non-negative). See _render_polar.

Example:

from std.math import pi

from dataviz import polar
from dataviz import save

def main() raises:
    var angle = List[Float64]()
    for hour in range(25):
        angle.append(2.0 * pi * Float64(hour) / 24.0)

    # Illustrative hourly electricity demand (GW); repeat midnight at
    # hour 24 so the daily profile closes around the clock.
    var demand: List[Float64] = [
        22.0, 20.5, 19.4, 18.8, 19.1, 21.7,
        26.8, 31.5, 34.2, 35.8, 36.9, 37.4,
        36.8, 36.1, 35.7, 36.4, 39.2, 43.8,
        46.1, 44.7, 40.3, 34.8, 29.1, 25.0, 22.0,
    ]

    var c = polar(
        angle,
        demand,
        title="Illustrative Weekday Electricity Demand (GW)",
    )
    save(c, "docs/src/examples/out_polar.svg")

Example (Several Series): ```mojo from std.math import pi

from dataviz import polar
from dataviz import save

def main() raises:
    var angle = List[Float64]()
    for hour in range(25):
        angle.append(2.0 * pi * Float64(hour) / 24.0)

    # Illustrative station entries (thousands) by hour. The final value
    # repeats midnight so each profile closes around the clock.
    var weekday: List[Float64] = [
        1.2, 0.7, 0.4, 0.3, 0.5, 1.8,
        5.6, 10.8, 13.2, 9.4, 6.1, 5.3,
        5.0, 5.2, 5.8, 7.1, 9.6, 12.7,
        14.1, 11.3, 7.8, 5.0, 3.1, 2.0, 1.2,
    ]
    var weekend: List[Float64] = [
        2.0, 1.3, 0.8, 0.5, 0.4, 0.6,
        1.1, 2.2, 3.8, 5.5, 7.1, 8.4,
        9.0, 9.4, 9.8, 10.1, 10.5, 10.7,
        9.9, 8.6, 7.0, 5.2, 3.7, 2.7, 2.0,
    ]
    var names: List[String] = ["Weekday", "Weekend"]
    var values: List[List[Float64]] = [
        weekday.copy(), weekend.copy(),
    ]

    var c = polar(
        angle,
        names,
        values,
        title="Illustrative Hourly Transit Demand (thousands)",
    )
    save(c, "docs/src/examples/out_polar_several_series.svg")
```

Args:

angle (List[Float64]): Radians, used exactly as given and unwrapped – values beyond 2*pi spiral outward rather than overlapping.
radius (List[Float64]): Linearly scaled from [0, max(radius)], always zero-anchored at the chart’s center; every value must be non-negative.
theme (Theme): Full styling knobs beyond this function’s own parameters (colors, margins, fonts, gridlines, …) – see Theme’s docstring.
width (Int): Pixel width of the returned Plot (.size()).
height (Int): Pixel height of the returned Plot (.size()).
title (String): The chart’s title, shown above the plot.
subtitle (String): A secondary line shown under the title.
x_title (String): The x-axis caption.
y_title (String): The y-axis caption.

Returns:

Chart[Polar]: The finished chart – unrendered. Call save(plot, path) to write it (any of .svg/.png/.bmp), or render(plot)/render_svg(plot) for the explicit two-step.

Raises:

fn def polar(df: DataFrame, angle: String, radius: String, theme: Theme = Theme(WHITE, Color(UInt8(30), UInt8(100), UInt8(180), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(80), UInt8(80), UInt8(80), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(225), UInt8(225), UInt8(225), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(40), UInt8(40), UInt8(40), UInt8(255)), SIMD(12), SIMD(3.5), SIMD(2), Int(60), Int(20), Int(20), Int(50), True, False, False, Color(UInt8(240), UInt8(240), UInt8(240), UInt8(255)), Int(3), Color(UInt8(60), UInt8(110), UInt8(200), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(235), UInt8(235), UInt8(235), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(220), UInt8(90), UInt8(40), UInt8(255)), ColorRamp(), ColorPalette(), SIMD(3), SIMD(15), True, SIMD(1), Int(0), False, Color(UInt8(200), UInt8(60), UInt8(60), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(224), UInt8(224), UInt8(224), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(120), UInt8(120), UInt8(120), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(100), UInt8(100), UInt8(100), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(230), UInt8(230), UInt8(230), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(255), UInt8(255), UInt8(255), UInt8(255)), UInt8(90), UInt8(160), False, False, SIMD(0), SIMD(18), SIMD(14), Color(UInt8(110), UInt8(110), UInt8(110), UInt8(255)), SIMD(14), Color(UInt8(150), UInt8(150), UInt8(150), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(224), UInt8(236), UInt8(246), UInt8(200)), Color(UInt8(255), UInt8(255), UInt8(255), UInt8(255)), True, False, False, True, AxisPosition.EDGE, AxisPosition.EDGE, String("sans-serif"), True, UInt8(90), Int(5), Int(4), Int(130), Int(14), Int(8), Int(14), Int(100), Int(8), SIMD(4), OutputFormat.SVG, Tooltips.AUTO, Missing.DRAW, String("(missing)"), Int(1000), False, LineStyle.SOLID, SIMD(1.5), LineStyle.SOLID, LegendPosition.RIGHT, XAxisLabelRotation.AUTO, TickFormat.AUTO, TickFormat.AUTO), width: Int = Int(640), height: Int = Int(420), title: String = "", subtitle: String = "", x_title: String = "", y_title: String = "") -> Chart[Polar]

polar() over named columns of a dataframe_mojo DataFrame (#743). Each argument names a column instead of holding the values. The axis titles default to the angle and radius column names.

See Plot.encode_frame() for how columns are read and what a column with missing values does.

Args:

df (DataFrame): The frame to read.
angle (String): The numeric column for this channel.
radius (String): The numeric column for this channel.
theme (Theme): See the list overload.
width (Int): See the list overload.
height (Int): See the list overload.
title (String): See the list overload.
subtitle (String): See the list overload.
x_title (String): See the list overload.
y_title (String): See the list overload.

Returns:

Chart[Polar]: The finished chart – unrendered.

Raises:

Error: A named column is missing, has the wrong dtype for its channel, or has missing values.

fn def polar[dtype: DType](angle: List[Scalar[dtype]], radius: List[Scalar[dtype]], theme: Theme = Theme(WHITE, Color(UInt8(30), UInt8(100), UInt8(180), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(80), UInt8(80), UInt8(80), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(225), UInt8(225), UInt8(225), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(40), UInt8(40), UInt8(40), UInt8(255)), SIMD(12), SIMD(3.5), SIMD(2), Int(60), Int(20), Int(20), Int(50), True, False, False, Color(UInt8(240), UInt8(240), UInt8(240), UInt8(255)), Int(3), Color(UInt8(60), UInt8(110), UInt8(200), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(235), UInt8(235), UInt8(235), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(220), UInt8(90), UInt8(40), UInt8(255)), ColorRamp(), ColorPalette(), SIMD(3), SIMD(15), True, SIMD(1), Int(0), False, Color(UInt8(200), UInt8(60), UInt8(60), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(224), UInt8(224), UInt8(224), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(120), UInt8(120), UInt8(120), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(100), UInt8(100), UInt8(100), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(230), UInt8(230), UInt8(230), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(255), UInt8(255), UInt8(255), UInt8(255)), UInt8(90), UInt8(160), False, False, SIMD(0), SIMD(18), SIMD(14), Color(UInt8(110), UInt8(110), UInt8(110), UInt8(255)), SIMD(14), Color(UInt8(150), UInt8(150), UInt8(150), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(224), UInt8(236), UInt8(246), UInt8(200)), Color(UInt8(255), UInt8(255), UInt8(255), UInt8(255)), True, False, False, True, AxisPosition.EDGE, AxisPosition.EDGE, String("sans-serif"), True, UInt8(90), Int(5), Int(4), Int(130), Int(14), Int(8), Int(14), Int(100), Int(8), SIMD(4), OutputFormat.SVG, Tooltips.AUTO, Missing.DRAW, String("(missing)"), Int(1000), False, LineStyle.SOLID, SIMD(1.5), LineStyle.SOLID, LegendPosition.RIGHT, XAxisLabelRotation.AUTO, TickFormat.AUTO, TickFormat.AUTO), width: Int = Int(640), height: Int = Int(420), title: String = "", subtitle: String = "", x_title: String = "", y_title: String = "") -> Chart[Polar]

polar() generalized over numeric element type; see scatter()’s DType overload (continuous.mojo). angle/radius share one dtype. Delegates to the concrete overload above.

Parameters:

dtype (DType)

Args:

angle (List[Scalar[dtype]])
radius (List[Scalar[dtype]])
theme (Theme)
width (Int)
height (Int)
title (String)
subtitle (String)
x_title (String)
y_title (String)

Returns:

Chart[Polar]

Raises:

fn def polar(angle: List[Float64], series_names: List[String], series_values: List[List[Float64]], theme: Theme = Theme(WHITE, Color(UInt8(30), UInt8(100), UInt8(180), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(80), UInt8(80), UInt8(80), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(225), UInt8(225), UInt8(225), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(40), UInt8(40), UInt8(40), UInt8(255)), SIMD(12), SIMD(3.5), SIMD(2), Int(60), Int(20), Int(20), Int(50), True, False, False, Color(UInt8(240), UInt8(240), UInt8(240), UInt8(255)), Int(3), Color(UInt8(60), UInt8(110), UInt8(200), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(235), UInt8(235), UInt8(235), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(220), UInt8(90), UInt8(40), UInt8(255)), ColorRamp(), ColorPalette(), SIMD(3), SIMD(15), True, SIMD(1), Int(0), False, Color(UInt8(200), UInt8(60), UInt8(60), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(224), UInt8(224), UInt8(224), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(120), UInt8(120), UInt8(120), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(100), UInt8(100), UInt8(100), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(230), UInt8(230), UInt8(230), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(255), UInt8(255), UInt8(255), UInt8(255)), UInt8(90), UInt8(160), False, False, SIMD(0), SIMD(18), SIMD(14), Color(UInt8(110), UInt8(110), UInt8(110), UInt8(255)), SIMD(14), Color(UInt8(150), UInt8(150), UInt8(150), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(224), UInt8(236), UInt8(246), UInt8(200)), Color(UInt8(255), UInt8(255), UInt8(255), UInt8(255)), True, False, False, True, AxisPosition.EDGE, AxisPosition.EDGE, String("sans-serif"), True, UInt8(90), Int(5), Int(4), Int(130), Int(14), Int(8), Int(14), Int(100), Int(8), SIMD(4), OutputFormat.SVG, Tooltips.AUTO, Missing.DRAW, String("(missing)"), Int(1000), False, LineStyle.SOLID, SIMD(1.5), LineStyle.SOLID, LegendPosition.RIGHT, XAxisLabelRotation.AUTO, TickFormat.AUTO, TickFormat.AUTO), width: Int = Int(640), height: Int = Int(420), title: String = "", subtitle: String = "", x_title: String = "", y_title: String = "") -> Chart[Polar]

polar() for several named series sharing one angular axis: one trace per name, one radius scale across all of them, and a legend keyed by series_names. The single-series form is the overload above (#110).

Mark.POLAR over Plot.encode_polar_series().

Args:

angle (List[Float64]): Radians, used exactly as given and unwrapped – shared by every series.
series_names (List[String]): One trace per name, used as the legend key.
series_values (List[List[Float64]]): series_values[j] is series_names[j]’s radius per angle; every value must be non-negative, and every series shares one radius scale.
theme (Theme): Full styling knobs beyond this function’s own arguments.
width (Int): Canvas width in pixels.
height (Int): Canvas height in pixels.
title (String): Chart title; empty for none.
subtitle (String): Chart subtitle; empty for none.
x_title (String): X-axis title; empty for none.
y_title (String): Y-axis title; empty for none.

Returns:

Chart[Polar]: The finished Plot, ready to render() or save().

Raises:

Error: A series does not match angle’s length or holds a negative radius (checked at render time).

fn def polar[dtype: DType](angle: List[Float64], series_names: List[String], series_values: List[List[Scalar[dtype]]], theme: Theme = Theme(WHITE, Color(UInt8(30), UInt8(100), UInt8(180), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(80), UInt8(80), UInt8(80), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(225), UInt8(225), UInt8(225), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(40), UInt8(40), UInt8(40), UInt8(255)), SIMD(12), SIMD(3.5), SIMD(2), Int(60), Int(20), Int(20), Int(50), True, False, False, Color(UInt8(240), UInt8(240), UInt8(240), UInt8(255)), Int(3), Color(UInt8(60), UInt8(110), UInt8(200), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(235), UInt8(235), UInt8(235), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(220), UInt8(90), UInt8(40), UInt8(255)), ColorRamp(), ColorPalette(), SIMD(3), SIMD(15), True, SIMD(1), Int(0), False, Color(UInt8(200), UInt8(60), UInt8(60), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(224), UInt8(224), UInt8(224), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(120), UInt8(120), UInt8(120), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(100), UInt8(100), UInt8(100), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(230), UInt8(230), UInt8(230), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(255), UInt8(255), UInt8(255), UInt8(255)), UInt8(90), UInt8(160), False, False, SIMD(0), SIMD(18), SIMD(14), Color(UInt8(110), UInt8(110), UInt8(110), UInt8(255)), SIMD(14), Color(UInt8(150), UInt8(150), UInt8(150), UInt8(255)), Color(UInt8(224), UInt8(236), UInt8(246), UInt8(200)), Color(UInt8(255), UInt8(255), UInt8(255), UInt8(255)), True, False, False, True, AxisPosition.EDGE, AxisPosition.EDGE, String("sans-serif"), True, UInt8(90), Int(5), Int(4), Int(130), Int(14), Int(8), Int(14), Int(100), Int(8), SIMD(4), OutputFormat.SVG, Tooltips.AUTO, Missing.DRAW, String("(missing)"), Int(1000), False, LineStyle.SOLID, SIMD(1.5), LineStyle.SOLID, LegendPosition.RIGHT, XAxisLabelRotation.AUTO, TickFormat.AUTO, TickFormat.AUTO), width: Int = Int(640), height: Int = Int(420), title: String = "", subtitle: String = "", x_title: String = "", y_title: String = "") -> Chart[Polar]

The multi-series polar() generalized over series_values’ element type; see scatter()’s DType overload (continuous.mojo). angle stays concrete. Delegates to the concrete overload above.

Parameters:

dtype (DType)

Args:

angle (List[Float64])
series_names (List[String])
series_values (List[List[Scalar[dtype]]])
theme (Theme)
width (Int)
height (Int)
title (String)
subtitle (String)
x_title (String)
y_title (String)

Returns:

Chart[Polar]

Raises: